COMMENT ⊗   VALID 00159 PAGES
C REC  PAGE   DESCRIPTION
C00001 00001
C00009 00002	/LMAR=0/XLINE=3/FONT#0=BAXL30/FONT#1=BAXI30/FONT#2=BAXB30/FONT#3=BAXS30/FONT#4=METLB/FONT#5=METMB
C00010 00003
C00012 00004	↓ ↓N↓α↓ ε
C00013 00005	S-1 Proposal↓ b1
C00014 00006	willαincludeαdetailedα
C00015 00007	designαof
C00016 00008	timesharingαsystemα
C00017 00009	developmentα(see    ↓ π∞↓multiprocessorα→con↓βC↓gurationα→andα→theα→post-
C00018 00010	systemα
C00019 00011	aα
C00020 00012	ofα
C00021 00013	years.
C00022 00014	S-1α
C00023 00015	andα
C00024 00016	use
C00026 00017	toα
C00027 00018	theα
C00028 00019	operatingα
C00029 00020	system,α
C00030 00021	aα
C00031 00022	of      ↓ π∞↓allocationα_andα_schedulingα_ofα→resources.α_ It
C00032 00023	recognizesα
C00033 00024	thatα
C00034 00025	theα
C00035 00026	S-1α
C00036 00027	requires
C00037 00028	con↓βC↓gurationsαitα
C00038 00029	isαcreating,α
C00039 00030	andαwill   ↓ π∞↓threeα
C00040 00031	months'α
C00041 00032	duration)αwillα
C00042 00033	beα
C00043 00034	devotedα
C00044 00035	toαthe
C00046 00036	willα
C00047 00037	toα
C00048 00038	variousα
C00049 00039	system    ↓ π∞↓↓ π≡(4) general design of user services, including
C00050 00040	↓ ↓N↓α↓ ε
C00051 00041	S-1 Proposal↓ `2
C00053 00042	ofαplanningα
C00054 00043	documentsα
C00055 00044	andαspeci↓βC↓c     ↓ π∞↓↓ πNdescription of switch operation.
C00057 00045	sta↓β@↓.α Throughoutα
C00058 00046	theα
C00059 00047	design,αcognizant
C00060 00048	modi↓βC↓cationα
C00061 00049	aα
C00062 00050	toα
C00063 00051	S-1       ↓ π∞↓with cognizant LLL sta↓β@↓ members.
C00064 00052	asα
C00065 00053	inα
C00066 00054	1.α
C00067 00055	switch      ↓ π∞↓ofα+theα+Stanfordα+Arti↓βC↓cialα*Intelligence
C00068 00056	 Sinceα
C00069 00057	thisα
C00070 00058	equipmentα
C00071 00059	hasαalready
C00072 00060	performα
C00073 00061	of   ↓ π∞↓Governmentαresearchαfunds,αtheαonlyαcosts
C00074 00062	switchα
C00075 00063	(bothαbyα
C00076 00064	providingα
C00077 00065	arti↓βC↓cialαstimuli   ↓ π∞↓involvedα
C00078 00066	inα
C00079 00067	itsα
C00080 00068	useαwillα
C00081 00069	beα
C00082 00070	theα
C00083 00071	supportα
C00084 00072	ofαpart
C00085 00073	computerαtechnicianαandα
C00086 00074	aαshareα
C00087 00075	ofαother
C00088 00076	busesα
C00089 00077	andα
C00090 00078	andα
C00091 00079	toα
C00092 00080	from      ↓ π∞↓maintenance costs.
C00093 00081	proposedαthatαLLLα
C00094 00082	makeαavailableα
C00095 00083	toαthe
C00097 00084	ofα
C00098 00085	is
C00099 00086	↓ ↓N↓α↓ ε
C00100 00087	S-1 Proposal↓ `3
C00101 00088	andα
C00102 00089	itemα
C00103 00090	such
C00104 00091	Laboratoryαhaveα
C00105 00092	beenαin
C00106 00093	problems,
C00108 00094	conceptα
C00109 00095	ofα
C00110 00096	aα
C00111 00097	generalα
C00112 00098	purposeαtimesharing
C00113 00099	systemαat
C00114 00100	aα
C00115 00101	computerα
C00116 00102	displays
C00117 00103	duringα
C00118 00104	theα
C00119 00105	Winterα
C00120 00106	andα
C00121 00107	SpringαQuarters        ↓ π∞↓andα∪aα∪linkα∪toα∩anα∪IBMα∪7090.α∪ Oneα∩notable
C00123 00108	projectα
C00124 00109	becameα
C00125 00110	theα
C00126 00111	nucleusα
C00127 00112	ofα
C00128 00113	the
C00129 00114	theα
C00130 00115	↓βC↓nalα
C00131 00116	3α
C00132 00117	itemsα
C00133 00118	ofα
C00134 00119	theα
C00135 00120	development       ↓ π∞↓computerα∃initiallyα∃andα∃laterα∃onα∃KA10α∀and
C00136 00121	Sectionα
C00137 00122	2.2.α
C00138 00123	 Theα↓βC↓nalα
C00139 00124	reportα
C00140 00125	willα
C00141 00126	detailαthe    ↓ π∞↓KL10α→processors.α→ Thereα→areα→currentlyα→70
C00143 00127	↓ ↓N↓αAppendix A↓ ∧@SAIL Background in System Development↓ ]4
C00146 00128	S-1.      ↓ π∞↓programming,α_computerα_systemα_designα↔and
C00147 00129	byα
C00148 00130	ofα
C00149 00131	the         ↓ π∞↓yearsα⊂experienceα⊂asα⊂aα⊂programmer,α⊂including
C00150 00132	whoα
C00151 00133	willαdesignα
C00152 00134	theα
C00153 00135	crossbarαswitch,
C00154 00136	headα
C00155 00137	ofαtheα
C00156 00138	SAILα
C00157 00139	Computerα
C00158 00140	Facilityαgroup,
C00159 00141	designα
C00160 00142	services.α
C00161 00143	 Thisα
C00162 00144	wasα
C00163 00145	the    ↓ π∞↓experienceαbeforeαthat.α
C00164 00146	systemα
C00165 00147	thatα
C00166 00148	permittedα
C00167 00149	aα
C00168 00150	designer,α
C00169 00151	working    ↓ π∞↓a systems programmer at SAIL for ↓βC↓ve years.
C00172 00152	ofαprogrammingα
C00173 00153	languagesα
C00174 00154	andαsystems      ↓ π∞↓↓ π>23, 1963.
C00175 00155	↓ ↓N↓αAppendix A↓ ∧@SAIL Background in System Development↓ ←5
C00178 00156	↓ ↓N↓α↓ ε↑↓ `6
C00180 00157	_______
C00181 00158	_______
C00183 00159	
C00184 ENDMK
C⊗;
/LMAR=0/XLINE=3/FONT#0=BAXL30/FONT#1=BAXI30/FONT#2=BAXB30/FONT#3=BAXS30/FONT#4=METLB/FONT#5=METMB



↓ ↓N↓¬↓ ¬hDecember 1977


↓ ↓N↓¬↓ ε	Proposal to

↓ ↓N↓¬↓ ¬
↓∧University of California
↓ ↓N↓∧↓ ∧DLawrence Livermore Laboratory↓¬

↓ ↓N↓¬↓ ¬{for design of

↓ ↓N↓¬↓ α.↓∧An Operating System and Memory Switch for the S-1 Computer↓¬


↓ ↓N↓¬↓ βvJohn McCarthy, Professor of Computer Science
↓ ↓N↓¬↓ ¬3Principal Investigator










↓ ↓N↓¬↓ ε≡Abstract


↓ ↓N↓¬Theα↔Stanfordα↔Artificialα↔Intelligenceα↔Laboratoryα↔proposesα↔toα↔participateα↔inα↔the
↓ ↓N↓¬Lawrenceα∩Livermoreα∪Laboratoryα∩programα∩forα∪developmentα∩ofα∩theα∪S-1α∩computer
↓ ↓N↓¬systemαbyαdesigningα
certainαelementsαandα
developingαanαefficientαoperatingα
system
↓ ↓N↓¬over a period of three years.  This proposal covers the first 9 months' work.










↓ ↓N↓¬↓ ∧W↓∧Computer Science Department
↓ ↓N↓∧↓ ¬,Stanford University
↓ ↓N↓α↓ ε
S-1 Proposal↓ b1


↓ ↓N↓α↓ βF1.  Goals                                   ↓ π∞↓Duringαtheαperiodα
ofαthisαinitialαproposalα
such
                                            ↓ π∞↓supportαactivityα
willαincludeαdetailedα
designαof
↓ ↓N↓Buildingα~onα~aα~substantialα~backgroundα~in          ↓ π∞↓theα#crossbarα$switchα#forα#theα$↓βC↓rstα#S-1
↓ ↓N↓computerα
timesharingαsystemα
developmentα(see    ↓ π∞↓multiprocessorα→con↓βC↓gurationα→andα→theα→post-
↓ ↓N↓Appendixα+A),α+theα+Stanfordα+Arti↓βC↓cial             ↓ π∞↓constructionα∞debuggingα
andα∞documentationα
of
↓ ↓N↓Intelligenceα_Laboratoryα↔(SAIL)α_proposesα↔to      ↓ π∞↓this hardware module.
↓ ↓N↓participateα%inα%theα%Lawrenceα$Livermore
↓ ↓N↓Laboratoryα∪(LLL)α∪programα∪forα∩development
↓ ↓N↓ofα_theα↔S-1α_computerα↔systemα_byα↔designing
↓ ↓N↓certainα∩elementsα∩andα∩developingα∪anα∩e↓β@↓icient      ↓ π∞↓α↓ λ`2.  Work Plan
↓ ↓N↓operatingα
systemα
overα
aα
periodα
ofα
threeα
years.
↓ ↓N↓This proposal covers the ↓βC↓rst 9 months' work.↓ π∞↓α↓ πR2.1 Operating System Development

↓ ↓N↓Theα∩proposedα⊃workα∩willα⊃haveα∩theα⊃following         ↓ π∞↓Theα∀operatingα∀systemα∀toα∀beα∀developedα∀will
↓ ↓N↓subgoals:                                   ↓ π∞↓exploitα≡theα≡fullα≡suiteα≡ofα∨capabilitiesα≡of
                                            ↓ π∞↓multiprocessorα
S-1α
con↓βC↓gurationsα
andα
willα
use
↓ ↓N↓1)α~Designα~andα~beginα~developmentα~ofα→an             ↓ π∞↓theα↔betterα↔featuresα↔ofα_existingα↔timesharing
↓ ↓N↓operatingα'sysemα'forα'bothα'singleα&and              ↓ π∞↓systems,α↔suchα↔asα↔Unix,α↔Multics,α↔TOPS-20,
↓ ↓N↓multiprocessorα~S-1α≠computerα~con↓βC↓gurations      ↓ π∞↓ITS,α∂andα∞theα∂Stanfordα∞Monitor.α∂ However,α∞it
↓ ↓N↓withα
dedicatedα
diskα
systems.α
 Thisα
systemα
will    ↓ π∞↓willα⊂alsoα∂beα⊂capableα∂ofα⊂specializationα⊂forα∂use
↓ ↓N↓provideα$e↓β@↓icientα#resourceα$allocationα#for        ↓ π∞↓withα singleα processorα!S-1α con↓βC↓gurations.
↓ ↓N↓con↓βC↓gurationsα⊂ofα⊂1α∂toα⊂32α⊂processorsα⊂andα∂will       ↓ π∞↓Thereα≥willα≥alsoα≥beα≥someα≡innovationα≥in
↓ ↓N↓includeα~userα~interactiveα~facilitiesα~thatα~are     ↓ π∞↓interactive user services.
↓ ↓N↓optimizedα"forα"displayα#terminals,α"though
↓ ↓N↓teleprinterα
terminalsα
willα
alsoα
beαsupported.α
 In ↓ π∞↓Aα~keyα~problemα→toα~beα~solvedα~isα→e↓β@↓icient
↓ ↓N↓additionα
toα
theα
operatingα
system,α
aα
numberα
of      ↓ π∞↓allocationα_andα_schedulingα_ofα→resources.α_ It
↓ ↓N↓utilityα⊂programsα⊂willα⊂beα⊂developed,α∂including    ↓ π∞↓shouldα$beα$possibleα$toα$↓βD↓exiblyα#allocate
↓ ↓N↓textα$editors,α$↓βC↓leα$managementα#programs,          ↓ π∞↓processorsα≡eitherα≡toα≥aα≡numberα≡ofα≥tasks
↓ ↓N↓compilers, and debuggers.                   ↓ π∞↓supportingα∩independentα∩usersα∩orα∩toα∩separate
                                            ↓ π∞↓forks of a single task, depending on priorities.
↓ ↓N↓SAILα
recognizesα
thatα
theα
S-1α
Projectα
requires
↓ ↓N↓anα∂evolvingα∞operatingα∂systemα∞forα∂theα∞various      ↓ π∞↓Theα⊃planningα⊃phaseα⊃ofα⊃thisα⊃workα∩(ofα⊃about
↓ ↓N↓computerα
con↓βC↓gurationsαitα
isαcreating,α
andαwill   ↓ π∞↓threeα
months'α
duration)αwillα
beα
devotedα
toαthe
↓ ↓N↓undertakeα⊂toα⊂createα∂anα⊂operatingα⊂systemα∂that      ↓ π∞↓following tasks:
↓ ↓N↓willαhaveαsomeαminimalαcapabilityαearlyαinαthe     ↓ π∞↓↓ π≡(1) familiarization with the S-1 equipment
↓ ↓N↓e↓β@↓ort,α~growingα~thereafterα~inα~capabilityα→in       ↓ π∞↓↓ πNcharacteristics;
↓ ↓N↓frequent increments.                        ↓ π∞↓↓ π≡(2) characterization of the principal kinds of
                                            ↓ π∞↓↓ πNcomputing tasks that are to be performed
↓ ↓N↓2)α
Basedα
onα
workα
doneα
inα
pursuitα
ofα
theα
↓βC↓rst         ↓ π∞↓↓ πNwith this system;
↓ ↓N↓subgoal,α,recommendα,speci↓βC↓cα,equipment           ↓ π∞↓↓ π≡(3) general design of program services to be
↓ ↓N↓characteristicsα≥neededα≥toα≡supportα≥e↓β@↓icient      ↓ π∞↓↓ πNprovided by the operating system,
↓ ↓N↓operation.α≥ Thisα≥particularlyα≡includesα≥the      ↓ π∞↓↓ πNincluding primary memory allocation and
↓ ↓N↓mannerα⊗inα⊗whichα⊗secondaryα⊗memoriesα⊗and           ↓ π∞↓↓ πN↓βC↓le system characteristics;
↓ ↓N↓peripheralsα
willα
connectα
toα
variousα
S-1α
system    ↓ π∞↓↓ π≡(4) general design of user services, including
↓ ↓N↓con↓βC↓gurations.                              ↓ π∞↓↓ πNdisplay control, command languages, and
                                            ↓ π∞↓↓ πNcharacter set standards;
↓ ↓N↓3)α
Supportα
S-1α
Projectα
hardwareα
development,     ↓ π∞↓↓ π≡(5) analysis of other resource allocation issues;
↓ ↓N↓inα∃fashionsα∃andα∀toα∃extentsα∃mutualyα∀agreed         ↓ π∞↓↓ π≡(6) study of major existing operating systems
↓ ↓N↓uponα→byα→cognizantα→SAILα→andα→LLLα_sta↓β@↓.              ↓ π∞↓↓ πNto determine which of their features may
↓ ↓N↓α↓ ε
S-1 Proposal↓ `2


↓ ↓N↓↓ α∞be pro↓βC↓tably included in the one to be      ↓ π∞↓↓ πNusing the S-1 Design System Graphics
↓ ↓N↓↓ α∞created, and which, if any, of their major  ↓ π∞↓↓ πNLanguage.
↓ ↓N↓↓ α∞modules may be appropriately carried        ↓ π∞↓↓ π≡3) Complete physical design of the switch,
↓ ↓N↓↓ α∞over into the new operating system;         ↓ π∞↓↓ πNincluding layout and cable assignment.
↓ ↓N↓↓ ↓↑(7) formulation of criteria for selection of↓ π∞↓↓ π≡4) Production of ↓βC↓nal wire-lists through the
↓ ↓N↓↓ α∞programming languages to be used in         ↓ π∞↓↓ πNS-1 Design System.
↓ ↓N↓↓ α∞major develop- ment tasks.                  ↓ π∞↓↓ π≡5) Debugging, including demonstration of
↓ ↓N↓Thisα⊃phaseα⊂ofα⊃theα⊂workα⊃willα⊃culminateα⊂with         ↓ π∞↓↓ πNfull switch functionality, using the LLL-
↓ ↓N↓theα∩generationα∩ofα∩aα∩reportα∪documentingα∩the        ↓ π∞↓↓ πNsupplied LSI-11 diagnostic system.
↓ ↓N↓results of performing these 7 tasks.        ↓ π∞↓↓ π≡6) Documentation, including a structured text
                                            ↓ π∞↓↓ πNdescription of the hardware to augment
↓ ↓N↓Otherα∂productsα∞ofα∂thisα∞phaseα∂willα∂includeα∞an       ↓ π∞↓↓ πNthe structured drawings, and a high-level
↓ ↓N↓assortmentα
ofαplanningα
documentsα
andαspeci↓βC↓c     ↓ π∞↓↓ πNdescription of switch operation.
↓ ↓N↓recommendationsα∞onα∞equipmentα∂designα∞issues,
↓ ↓N↓suchα∞asα
howα∞theα
diskα∞storageα
unitsα∞shouldα
be        ↓ π∞↓Allα≥aspectsα≥ofα≥crossbarα≡switchα≥hardware
↓ ↓N↓interfaced to the multiprocessor system.    ↓ π∞↓implementationα$isα#proposedα$toα$beα#the
                                            ↓ π∞↓responsibilityα⊂ofα⊂LLL.α⊂ Atα⊂theα⊃completionα⊂of
↓ ↓N↓Theα∪subsequentα∩designα∪phaseα∩(ofα∪aboutα∩six         ↓ π∞↓Stepα⊂4α∂(above),α⊂itα∂isα⊂proposedα∂thatα⊂LLLα∂will
↓ ↓N↓months'α
duration)α
willα
focusα
onαdetailedα
design   ↓ π∞↓constructα∞theα
switch,α∞associatedα∞cabinetry,α
and
↓ ↓N↓ofα→theα→functionalα→elementsα→ofα→theα→system,         ↓ π∞↓LSI-11α⊃debugα∩processor,α⊃andα∩willα⊃thereupon
↓ ↓N↓selectionα⊗ofα∃systemα⊗programmingα∃languages,      ↓ π∞↓makeα⊃theα⊂switchα⊃availableα⊂forα⊃debuggingα⊂by
↓ ↓N↓programmingα≠ofα≠developmentalα≠toolsα≠(e.g.,       ↓ π∞↓SAILα
sta↓β@↓.α Throughoutα
theα
design,αcognizant
↓ ↓N↓simpleα∪editorsα∪andα∪debuggers),α∪andα∪possibly      ↓ π∞↓SAILα
sta↓β@↓α
membersα
willα
maintainα
closeα
contact
↓ ↓N↓theα
modi↓βC↓cationα
ofα
aα
compilerα
toα
produceα
S-1       ↓ π∞↓with cognizant LLL sta↓β@↓ members.
↓ ↓N↓code.

↓ ↓N↓α↓ αG2.2 Crossbar Switch Design
                                            ↓ π∞↓α↓ λl3.  Facilities
↓ ↓N↓Itα∂isα∂proposedα∂toα∂designα∂aα∂crossbarα⊂switchα∂to
↓ ↓N↓connectα∀16α∀S-1α∀processorsα∀withα∀16α∪memory          ↓ π∞↓Muchα≡ofα∨theα≡planningα∨andα≡preliminary
↓ ↓N↓modulesα∞withα∂aα∞maximumα∞concurrencyα∂ofα∞16,         ↓ π∞↓programmingα⊃workα⊃onα⊃bothα⊃projectsα⊃willα⊃be
↓ ↓N↓andα↔aα↔throughputα↔ofα↔70α_nanosecondsα↔per            ↓ π∞↓performedα∂onα⊂theα∂existingα⊂computerα∂facilities
↓ ↓N↓word,α
asα
speci↓βC↓edα
inα
Referenceα
1.α
 Theα
switch      ↓ π∞↓ofα+theα+Stanfordα+Arti↓βC↓cialα*Intelligence
↓ ↓N↓willα
containα
logicα
toα
allowα
anα
LSI-11α
processor,   ↓ π∞↓Laboratory.α
 Sinceα
thisα
equipmentα
hasαalready
↓ ↓N↓connectedα⊃throughα⊃anα⊃LLL-suppliedα⊃parallel      ↓ π∞↓beenα,purchased,α,mostlyα,withα,U.α+S.
↓ ↓N↓interface,α
toα
performα
comprehensiveα
testingα
of   ↓ π∞↓Governmentα⊗researchα⊗funds,α⊗theα⊗onlyα⊗costs
↓ ↓N↓theα
switchα
(bothαbyα
providingα
arti↓βC↓cialαstimuli   ↓ π∞↓involvedα
inα
itsα
useαwillα
beα
theα
supportα
ofαpart
↓ ↓N↓toα∀theα∪switch,α∀andα∀byα∪readingα∀theα∀stateα∪of          ↓ π∞↓ofαaα
computerαtechnicianαandα
aαshareα
ofαother
↓ ↓N↓switchα
busesα
andα
signals)α
andα
toα
recoverα
from      ↓ π∞↓maintenance costs.
↓ ↓N↓whatα(areα(consideredα(toα)beα(probable
↓ ↓N↓recoverableα≥failureα≥modesα≥ofα≥theα≤switch,         ↓ π∞↓Itαisα
proposedαthatαLLLα
makeαavailableα
toαthe
↓ ↓N↓processors, and memory modules.             ↓ π∞↓Stanfordα∨Arti↓βC↓cialα∨Intelligenceα∨Laboratory
                                            ↓ π∞↓fractionsα⊗ofα∃theα⊗capabilitiesα∃ofα⊗bothα∃single
↓ ↓N↓SAILα≤proposesα≠toα≤performα≤theα≠following           ↓ π∞↓processorα?απandα?απmultiprocessorα?απS-1
↓ ↓N↓subtasksα
ofα∞thisα
basicα∞taskα
duringα∞theα
current     ↓ π∞↓con↓βC↓gurationsα∩appropriateα∩toα∪variousα∩phases
↓ ↓N↓proposal period:                            ↓ π∞↓ofα∀advancedα∀operatingα∃systemsα∀development
↓ ↓N↓↓ ↓↑1) Familiarization of SAIL design personnel ↓ π∞↓andα
debugging.α
 Determinationα
ofα
howα
thisα
is
↓ ↓N↓↓ α∞with the S-1 Design System.                 ↓ π∞↓toα∩beα∩mostα⊃e↓β@↓ectivelyα∩accomplishedα∩isα∩toα⊃be
↓ ↓N↓↓ ↓↑2) Complete logical design of the switch    ↓ π∞↓madeα∀jointlyα∃byα∀cognizantα∀LLLα∃andα∀SAIL
↓ ↓N↓α↓ ε
S-1 Proposal↓ `3


↓ ↓N↓personnel,α∨asα∨suchα∨needsα∨evolve.α∨ Itα≡is           ↓ π∞↓α↓ λkAppendix A 
↓ ↓N↓anticipatedα∃thatα∃someα∃phoneα∃lineα⊗accessα∃to        ↓ π∞↓α↓ π SAIL Background in System Development 
↓ ↓N↓LLL-basedα⊃S-1α⊃hardwareα⊃con↓βC↓gurationsα⊂will
↓ ↓N↓beα
neededα
andα
aα
budgetα
itemα
toα
supportα
such
↓ ↓N↓access is included.                         ↓ π∞↓Whileα⊃theα⊃primaryα⊃interestsα⊃ofα∩theα⊃Stanford
                                            ↓ π∞↓Arti↓βC↓cialαIntelligenceα
Laboratoryαhaveα
beenαin
                                            ↓ π∞↓arti↓βC↓cialα∪intelligence,α∪mathematicalα∀theoryα∪of
                                            ↓ π∞↓computation,α
andα
relatedα
theoreticalα
problems,
↓ ↓N↓α↓ α)4.  Coordination and Reporting              ↓ π∞↓certainα
membersα
ofα∞theα
SAILα
sta↓β@↓α∞haveα
been
                                            ↓ π∞↓involvedα⊂forα∂manyα⊂yearsα∂inα⊂theα∂development
↓ ↓N↓Itα≠isα≠proposedα≠thatα≠primaryα≠coordination         ↓ π∞↓ofα4timesharingα4systems,α4programming
↓ ↓N↓betweenα≡cognizantα≡LLLα≡andα≡SAILα≥sta↓β@↓              ↓ π∞↓languages,α∂andα∂interactiveα∂facilities.α∂ Someα∂of
↓ ↓N↓membersα'beα'accompishedα'viaα&monthly              ↓ π∞↓these activities are outlined below.
↓ ↓N↓meetings,α⊃toα⊃beα⊃conductedα⊃forα⊃approximately
↓ ↓N↓half-dayα#periods.α# Seniorα#SAILα"Project          ↓ π∞↓Theα
conceptα
ofα
aα
generalα
purposeαtimesharing
↓ ↓N↓membersα~willα~documentα~theα~salientα→topics         ↓ π∞↓systemα∂wasα∂↓βC↓rstα∞proposedα∂byα∂Johnα∞McCarthy
↓ ↓N↓addressedα≡atα≥theseα≡conferencesα≥(including       ↓ π∞↓whenα∞heα∞wasα∞atα
MITα∞[2].α∞ Thatα∞proposalα
led
↓ ↓N↓accomplishmentsα⊂ofα∂theα⊂previousα⊂month,α∂and       ↓ π∞↓toαtheαpioneeringαsystemsαdevelopedαinαProject
↓ ↓N↓theα→relativelyα→detailedα→workα→planα→forα→the         ↓ π∞↓MAC.α↔ McCarthyα_alsoα↔participatedα_inα↔the
↓ ↓N↓upcomingα(month)α(andα(distributeα(such             ↓ π∞↓developmentαofαanαearlyαtimesharingα
systemαat
↓ ↓N↓documentsα∪toα∪allα∪cognizantα∪SAILα∀andα∪LLL           ↓ π∞↓BBN [3].
↓ ↓N↓sta↓β@↓α%membersα$asα%theα%primaryα$project
↓ ↓N↓coordination papers.                        ↓ π∞↓Shortlyα∀afterα∀arrivingα∀atα∀Stanfordα∀inα∀1962,
                                            ↓ π∞↓McCarthyα∂undertookα⊂theα∂developmentα⊂ofα∂the
↓ ↓N↓SAILαproposesα
toαsubmitα
twoαinterimα
technical     ↓ π∞↓↓βC↓rstα∪display-orientedα∪timesharingα∪systemα∪[4],
↓ ↓N↓reportsα↔toα↔LLLα↔dealingα↔withα↔theα↔progress          ↓ π∞↓basedα
onα
aα
PDP-1α
computerα
withα
12α
displays
↓ ↓N↓madeα
duringα
theα
Winterα
andα
SpringαQuarters        ↓ π∞↓andα∪aα∪linkα∪toα∩anα∪IBMα∪7090.α∪ Oneα∩notable
↓ ↓N↓ofα∀1978,α∃andα∀aα∀↓βC↓nal,α∃comprehensiveα∀report         ↓ π∞↓accomplishmentα∨ofα∨thisα∨projectα∨wasα∨the
↓ ↓N↓whichα∞treatsα∂inα∞detailα∞allα∂aspectsα∞ofα∂theα∞work      ↓ π∞↓developmentα#ofα#aα#"pageα#editor"α"called
↓ ↓N↓doneα↔duringα↔theα_January-September,α↔1978,        ↓ π∞↓TVEDITα∃thatα∃exploitedα∃theα∃capabilitiesα∀of
↓ ↓N↓period.α_ Itα_isα_anticipatedα_thatα→theα_Winter        ↓ π∞↓displaysα≡inα≡textα≡editing.α≡ Thisα≡wasα≥the
↓ ↓N↓Quarterα
documentα
willα
reportα
theα
resultsα
ofα
the    ↓ π∞↓forerunnerα∪ofα∪screenα∀editorsα∪nowα∪inα∀useα∪at
↓ ↓N↓7-pointα operatingα sysemα planningα phase          ↓ π∞↓SAILα∪andα∩inα∪aα∩numberα∪ofα∪otherα∩advanced
↓ ↓N↓discussedα∩inα⊃Sectionα∩2.1,α∩asα⊃wellα∩asα∩theα⊃↓βC↓rst       ↓ π∞↓timesharing systems.
↓ ↓N↓threeαitemsα
ofαtheα
crossbarαswitchα
development
↓ ↓N↓discussedα≡inα≡Sectionα≡2.2.α≡ Itα≡isα≡likewise         ↓ π∞↓Whenα!theα!SAILα!computerα!facilityα was
↓ ↓N↓expectedα∩thatα∪theα∩Springα∪Quarterα∩document        ↓ π∞↓assembledα∪inα∀1966,α∪theα∀sta↓β@↓α∪ofα∀theα∪PDP-1
↓ ↓N↓willαreportαpreliminaryαresultsαofαtheα
operating  ↓ π∞↓timesharingα
projectα
becameα
theα
nucleusα
ofα
the
↓ ↓N↓systemα⊂designα⊃phaseα⊂ofα⊃Sectionα⊂2.1,α⊃andα⊂will       ↓ π∞↓computerα systemα∨sta↓β@↓α thatα developedα∨a
↓ ↓N↓alsoα∞reportα∞successfulα∞completionα∞ofα∞atα∞leastα∞2    ↓ π∞↓display-orientedα⊗systemα↔onα⊗aα↔DECα⊗PDP-6
↓ ↓N↓ofα
theα
↓βC↓nalα
3α
itemsα
ofα
theα
switchα
development       ↓ π∞↓computerα∃initiallyα∃andα∃laterα∃onα∃KA10α∀and
↓ ↓N↓ofα
Sectionα
2.2.α
 Theα↓βC↓nalα
reportα
willα
detailαthe    ↓ π∞↓KL10α→processors.α→ Thereα→areα→currentlyα→70
↓ ↓N↓designα∞ofα∞theα
operatingα∞systemα∞ofα∞Sectionα
2.1,     ↓ π∞↓displayαterminalsα
connectedαtoα
theαsystem,α
most
↓ ↓N↓andα
willα
includeα∞theα
descriptionα
ofα∞theα
switch     ↓ π∞↓ofα⊃themα⊃withα∩fullα⊃graphicsα⊃capabilityα∩[5,α⊃6].
↓ ↓N↓designαimplementationα
andαdebuggingαworkα
of      ↓ π∞↓Thereα∪isα∪alsoα∪aα∪connectionα∪toα∪theα∩Arpanet,
↓ ↓N↓Sectionα2.2.α Allαtheseαreportsαwillαbeα
delivered  ↓ π∞↓permittingα$remoteα$accessα$toα$andα#from
↓ ↓N↓toα∪LLLα∀withinα∪30α∀daysα∪ofα∀theα∪endα∀ofα∪the              ↓ π∞↓hundredsα~ofα~otherα~computersα~aroundα~the
↓ ↓N↓periods on whose results they report.       ↓ π∞↓world.α
 Inα∞additionα
toα∞providingα
conventional
                                            ↓ π∞↓timesharingα∨services,α∨thisα∨systemα∨handles
↓ ↓N↓αAppendix A↓ ∧@SAIL Background in System Development↓ ]4


↓ ↓N↓realtimeα≠controlα≤ofα≠mechanicalα≤armsα≠and          ↓ π∞↓carryα⊃outα⊃theα⊃proposedα⊃workα⊃areα∩asα⊃follows.
↓ ↓N↓televisionα⊂cameras,α⊂inα⊂supportα⊂ofα⊃researchα⊂in     ↓ π∞↓Johnα_McCarthy,α↔whoα_willα_provideα↔overall
↓ ↓N↓automaticα∂mechanicalα∂assemblyα∂andα∞computer      ↓ π∞↓directionα⊗ofα⊗theα⊗project,α⊗isα⊗aα⊗Professorα∃of
↓ ↓N↓vision [7].                                 ↓ π∞↓Computerα
Scienceα∞andα
Directorα
ofα∞SAIL.α
 He
                                            ↓ π∞↓hasα∂26α∂yearsα∞experienceα∂asα∂aα∂facultyα∞member
↓ ↓N↓Inα∩theα∩periodα∩1970-73,α∩SAILα∩sta↓β@↓α∩members          ↓ π∞↓atα∩aα∩numberα∩ofα∩majorα∩universitiesα∩andα∩has
↓ ↓N↓designedα∀aα∀highα∀speedα∀processorα∀knownα∀as          ↓ π∞↓beenα aα principalα innovatorα!inα arti↓βC↓cial
↓ ↓N↓"Superα≥Foonly",α≡whichα≥featuredα≡aα≥cache           ↓ π∞↓intelligence,α<mathematicalα=theoryα<of
↓ ↓N↓memory,α≤user-accessibleα≤microcode,α≥andα≤a        ↓ π∞↓computation,α⊗andα⊗timesharingα↔systems.α⊗ Les
↓ ↓N↓"consoleα∨computer"α∨(aα∨minicomputerα≡that         ↓ π∞↓Earnest,α⊃whoα⊃isα⊃Associateα⊃Directorα∩ofα⊃SAIL,
↓ ↓N↓monitorsα~theα→mainα~processor).α~ Theα→latter        ↓ π∞↓willα⊂handleα∂muchα⊂ofα∂theα⊂managementα⊂ofα∂the
↓ ↓N↓innovationα→hasα→sinceα→beenα→includedα~inα→a           ↓ π∞↓project.α≠ Heα≤hasα≠24α≠yearsα≤experienceα≠in
↓ ↓N↓numberα
ofα
otherα
machines,α
includingα
theα
S-1.      ↓ π∞↓programming,α_computerα_systemα_designα↔and
↓ ↓N↓Afterα∂theα∞designα∂wasα∞completed,α∂itα∂wasα∞made        ↓ π∞↓technical management.
↓ ↓N↓availableα∩toα∩Digitalα∩Equipmentα∩Corporation,
↓ ↓N↓whichα usedα itα!asα theα basisα!forα their               ↓ π∞↓Je↓β@↓α→Rubin,α→whoα→willα→headα→theα_operating
↓ ↓N↓Decsystem/10α!andα"Decsystem/20α!computer         ↓ π∞↓systemα∞designα∞e↓β@↓ort,α∂isα∞currentlyα∞inα∂chargeα∞of
↓ ↓N↓systems.α⊃ Theα⊃KL10α⊃processorα⊃nowα∩atα⊃SAIL          ↓ π∞↓systemα∞programmingα
atα∞SAILα
andα∞hasα
twelve
↓ ↓N↓wasα
donatedα
byα
DECα
outα
ofα
gratitudeα
forα
the         ↓ π∞↓yearsα⊂experienceα⊂asα⊂aα⊂programmer,α⊂including
↓ ↓N↓design contribution.                        ↓ π∞↓sixαyearsαasαaαsystemαprogrammerαatαMITαand
                                            ↓ π∞↓fourα∃yearsα∃inα∃thisα∃capacityα∃atα∃SAIL.α∃ Ted
↓ ↓N↓Anotherα
importantα
outgrowthα
ofα
thisα
computer     ↓ π∞↓Panofsky,α
whoα
willαdesignα
theα
crossbarαswitch,
↓ ↓N↓designαprojectαwasαaαdesignαautomationαsystem     ↓ π∞↓isα
headα
ofαtheα
SAILα
Computerα
Facilityαgroup,
↓ ↓N↓knownα"asα#SUDSα"[8],α#whichα"combined                ↓ π∞↓hasα⊂beenα∂aα⊂designα⊂engineerα∂atα⊂SAILα⊂forα∂ten
↓ ↓N↓interactiveα"drawingα"facilitiesα#withα"other       ↓ π∞↓years,α∃andα∃hadα∃severalα∃yearsα⊗ofα∃electronics
↓ ↓N↓computer-aidedα
designα
services.α
 Thisα
wasα
the    ↓ π∞↓experienceαbeforeαthat.α
 MartinαFrostαhasα
been
↓ ↓N↓↓βC↓rstα
systemα
thatα
permittedα
aα
designer,α
working    ↓ π∞↓a systems programmer at SAIL for ↓βC↓ve years.
↓ ↓N↓throughα~aα→displayα~terminal,α~toα→completely
↓ ↓N↓designα≡complexα≡digitalα≡devices,α≥including       ↓ π∞↓α↓ λuReferences 
↓ ↓N↓printedα⊂circuitα⊂boardsα⊂andα⊂backpanelα∂wiring.
↓ ↓N↓Theα
systemα
automaticallyα
producesα
artworkα
for    ↓ π∞↓[1] Tom McWilliams and Curt Widdoes, ↓αThe
↓ ↓N↓PCα∪boardsα∪andα∪controlα∪tapesα∪forα∪automatic         ↓ π∞↓α↓ π>S-1 Memory Interface↓, October 3, 1977.
↓ ↓N↓wiringα∃machines.α∀ SUDSα∃hasα∀beenα∃usedα∀to
↓ ↓N↓designα∂↓βC↓veα∞largeα∂computersα∞soα∂far,α∞asα∂wellα∞as       ↓ π∞↓[2] John McCarthy, ↓αA Time Sharing
↓ ↓N↓countlessα∞otherα∞digitalα∞devices.α∞ Itα∞isα∞currently ↓ π∞↓α↓ π>Operator Program for our Projected IBM
↓ ↓N↓inα⊃useα∩atα⊃MIT,α∩Carnegie-Mellonα⊃University,       ↓ π∞↓α↓ π>709↓, memo to P. M. Morse, MIT, January
↓ ↓N↓andα∀Digitalα∪Equipmentα∀Corporation,α∪among        ↓ π∞↓↓ π>1, 1959.
↓ ↓N↓otherα⊗places,α⊗andα⊗isα⊗theα⊗basisα⊗ofα⊗theα∃S-1
↓ ↓N↓Design System.                              ↓ π∞↓[3] John McCarthy, S. Boilen, E. Fredkin,
                                            ↓ π∞↓↓ π>J.C.R. Licklider, ↓αA Time-sharing
↓ ↓N↓Otherα∂interestsα∞ofα∂theα∞SAILα∂sta↓β@↓α∂includeα∞the       ↓ π∞↓α↓ π>Debugging System for a Small
↓ ↓N↓developmentα≠ofα≠assemblersα≠[9],α≠theα≠LISP          ↓ π∞↓α↓ π>Computer↓, ↓↓Proc. AFIP Conf.↓ (SJCC), Vol.
↓ ↓N↓familyα
ofαprogrammingα
languagesα
andαsystems      ↓ π∞↓↓ π>23, 1963.
↓ ↓N↓[10,α
11,α∞12],α
theα∞SAILα
languageα∞andα
compiler
↓ ↓N↓[13],α
textα
editorsα
[14,α
15],αinteractiveα
debuggers↓ π∞↓[4] John McCarthy, D. Brian, G. Feldman, J.
↓ ↓N↓[16],α⊃documentα⊂compilersα⊃[17],α⊃andα⊂computer      ↓ π∞↓↓ π>Allen, ↓αTHOR ↓↓βe↓↓α A Display Based Time-
↓ ↓N↓communication systems [18].                 ↓ π∞↓α↓ π>sharing System↓, ↓↓Proc. AFIPS Conf.↓
                                            ↓ π∞↓↓ π>(FJCC), Vol. 30, Thompson, Washington,
↓ ↓N↓Theα
backgroundsα
ofα
theα
individualsα
whoα
will       ↓ π∞↓↓ π>D.C., 1967.
↓ ↓N↓αAppendix A↓ ∧@SAIL Background in System Development↓ ←5


↓ ↓N↓[5] Brian Harvey and Martin Frost, ↓αMonitor
↓ ↓N↓α↓ ↓}Command Manual↓, SAILON-54.5,
↓ ↓N↓↓ ↓}January 1976.

↓ ↓N↓[6] McCarthy, John, Lester Earnest, D. Raj.
↓ ↓N↓↓ ↓}Reddy, Pierre Vicens, ↓αA Computer with
↓ ↓N↓α↓ ↓}Hands, Eyes, and Ears↓, ↓↓Proc. AFIPS Conf.↓
↓ ↓N↓↓ ↓}(FJCC), 1968.

↓ ↓N↓[7] Martin Frost, ↓αUUO Manual↓, SAILON-
↓ ↓N↓↓ ↓}55.5, October 1977.

↓ ↓N↓[8] Richard Helliwell, ↓αStanford Drawing
↓ ↓N↓α↓ ↓}Program↓, SAIL Program Note, 1971.

↓ ↓N↓[9] Fred Wright and Ralph Gorin, ↓αFAIL↓,
↓ ↓N↓↓ ↓}Stanford AI Memo AIM-226, April 1974.

↓ ↓N↓[10] John McCarthy, ↓αRecursive Functions of
↓ ↓N↓α↓ ↓}Symbolic Expressions↓, ↓↓Communications of
↓ ↓N↓↓↓ ↓}the ACM↓, April 1960.

↓ ↓N↓[11] John McCarthy, ↓↓et al, LISP 1.5
↓ ↓N↓↓↓ ↓}Programmer's Manual,↓, MIT Press, 1962.

↓ ↓N↓[12] David C. Smith, ↓αMLISP User's Manual↓,
↓ ↓N↓↓ ↓}Stanford AI Memo AIM-84, January
↓ ↓N↓↓ ↓}1969.

↓ ↓N↓[13] John Reiser (ed.), ↓αSAIL↓, Stanford AI
↓ ↓N↓↓ ↓}Memo AIM-289, August 1976.

↓ ↓N↓[14] William Weiher and Steve Savitzky, ↓αSon
↓ ↓N↓α↓ ↓}of Stopgap↓, SAILON-50.3, October 1970.

↓ ↓N↓[15] Arthur Samuel and Martin Frost, ↓αE Text
↓ ↓N↓α↓ ↓}Editor↓, Program Note, December 1977.

↓ ↓N↓[16] Phil Petit, ↓αRAID↓, SAILON-58.1,
↓ ↓N↓↓ ↓}February 1970.

↓ ↓N↓[17] Larry Tesler, ↓αPUB, the Document
↓ ↓N↓α↓ ↓}Compiler↓, SAILON-70, September 1970.

↓ ↓N↓[18] John McCarthy and Les Earnest,
↓ ↓N↓↓ ↓}↓αDIALNET and the Home Terminal↓, ↓↓Proc.
↓ ↓N↓↓↓ ↓}Computer Faire↓, San Francisco, 1977.
↓ ↓N↓α↓ ε↑↓ `6


↓ ↓N↓α↓ β:5.  Budget                                  ↓ π∞↓↓αD. Permanent Equipment↓ ↓ 0- - -

↓ ↓N↓↓ ↓wNine Months Beginning 1 January 1978        ↓ π∞↓↓αE. Expendable Supplies &↓ ↓ ,1,200
                                            ↓ π∞↓     ↓αEquipment (e.g. o↓↓β`↓↓αice
↓ ↓N↓↓ ∧d↓αPerson↓ ¬>                                      ↓ π∞↓α     supplies, copying, postage)↓
↓ ↓N↓α↓ ∧ZMonths↓ ¬>
↓ ↓N↓αA. Salaries and Wages↓                       ↓ π∞↓↓αF. Travel↓ (domestic) ↓ ,2,000

↓ ↓N↓   1. Senior Personnel:                     ↓ π∞↓↓αG. Publications↓ ↓ A600

↓ ↓N↓      a. John McCarthy ↓ ¬~0.6↓ ¬> ↓ ¬l2,040            ↓ π∞↓↓αH. Other Costs↓ ↓ ,1,635
↓ ↓N↓         Prof. of Computer Science          ↓ π∞↓   1. Telephone ↓ 
Q810↓ 
}
↓ ↓N↓         5% acad. yr., 10% summer           ↓ π∞↓   2. Computer Equipment
                                            ↓ π∞↓      Maintenance ↓ 
Q825↓ 
}
↓ ↓N↓      b. Lester Earnest ↓ ¬~1.4↓ ¬> ↓ ¬l4,313           ↓ π∞↓↓ 
_______
↓ ↓N↓         Senior Research Associate          ↓ π∞↓↓αI. Total Direct Costs↓ (A thru H) ↓ ≥96,745
↓ ↓N↓         15%
                                            ↓ π∞↓↓αJ. Indirect Costs↓ ↓ ≥56,112
↓ ↓N↓   2. Other Personnel:                      ↓ π∞↓     (58% of A thru H less D)
                                            ↓ π∞↓↓ 
_______
↓ ↓N↓      a. Je↓α↓β@↓α↓ Rubin ↓ ¬~9.0↓ ¬> ↓ ¬]17,507               ↓ π∞↓↓αK. Total Costs ↓ ∪152,857
↓ ↓N↓         Computer Systems Spec.

↓ ↓N↓      b. Ted Panofsky ↓ ¬~8.1↓ ¬> ↓ ¬]13,499
↓ ↓N↓         Design Engineer, 90%

↓ ↓N↓      c. Martin Frost ↓ ¬~9.0↓ ¬> ↓ ¬]12,726
↓ ↓N↓         Systems Programmer

↓ ↓N↓      d. ↓α↓βE↓α↓↓α↓βE↓α↓↓α↓βE↓α↓ ↓ ¬~9.0↓ ¬> ↓ ¬]16,362
↓ ↓N↓         Systems Programmer

↓ ↓N↓      e. Student Res. Assist. ↓ ¬~6.0↓ ¬> ↓ ¬l5,781
↓ ↓N↓         50% acad. yr., 100% sum.

↓ ↓N↓      f. Support Personnel:

↓ ↓N↓         (1) Secretary (25%) ↓ ¬~2.3↓ ¬> ↓ ¬l1,858

↓ ↓N↓         (2) Elect. Tech. (25%) ↓ ¬~2.3↓ ¬> ↓ ¬l2,555
↓ ↓N↓↓ ¬L_______
↓ ↓N↓      Total Salaries & Wages ↓ ¬]76,641

↓ ↓N↓↓αB. Sta↓↓β`↓↓α Bene↓↓βc↓↓αts↓ ↓ ¬]14,669
↓ ↓N↓     19.0% till 1 Sept.'78,
↓ ↓N↓     20.3% thereafter
↓ ↓N↓↓ ¬L_______
↓ ↓N↓↓αC. Total Salaries, Wages,
↓ ↓N↓α     and Sta↓↓β`↓↓α Bene↓↓βc↓↓αts↓ ↓ ¬]91,310